The set of different but related forms which express the grammatical contrasts associated with a part of speech is called the inflectional paradigm of that part of speech. The inflection morphology is, in fact, a description of its inflectional paradigm.
1. English has four major parts of speech – noun, verb, adjective and adverbs. These can easily identified by their position in a phrase or clause. For example, nouns can be identified by their position after a determiner word and verbs can be identified by their position after the subject noun phrase, before the object nouns phrase or before an adverb. Alternately, they can also be identified by their default meanings as per the grammar rules. As per the same, noun denotes a person, place, thing etc., verbs are said to be action words, adjectives convey the qualities and adverbs have meanings which modify the meanings of adjectives, verbs and other adverbs.
2. Nouns are divided into proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are typically names of person and places such as Nirmal, Jasmine, Ranchi and Mumbai. Common nouns denote objects or things such as water, film, play, chairs and tables. Further common nouns are subdivided into Count and Mass. Count nouns are those common nouns that can be counted and represented as numerals such as table, marbles, egg, people etc. Mass nouns are those common nouns which denote words that cannot be counted and neither represented as numerals. It includes, milk, water, peace, advice etc.
The major grammatical categories associated with nouns are Number and Case. There are also some nouns that express gender by taking a suffix, for e.g. authoress, hostess, mistress etc. The grammatical category of noun – Number has two subcategories – Singular and Plural. The first requires no change in form but the plural form (more than one) requires a change that comes either as the addition of a suffix, replacement of one or more vowels in the stem or both. Many times there is no change in the form and the Number idea has to be made from the meaning of the phrase or clause. The second grammatical category of noun also has two subcategories – Possessive noun and Common noun. Whenever there is the need to express possessive relationship, the possessive noun is used. For example, Ram’s Book, Jasmine’s son etc. elsewhere there occurs a noun that does not requires reflecting possession is a Common noun.
Sometimes, the Proper nouns occur in cases that dignify specific meanings. This may happen when we wish to refer two or more persons with the same name, like in the following examples –
There are more than 500 Patels listed in the London telephone directory.
The Simpsons generally reside in the heart of California.
Gates family members are quite possessive about their business proposals.
The two grammatical categories of count nouns in English are number and case. The number noun contrast is denoted by taking inflectional suffix in the following form –
Nouns with Regular Plural forms. Such as in hats, books, clutches, flashes, radios, zoos, Germanys etc.
Nouns with irregular Plural forms. These change forms by changing a vowel in the stem, change in voicing of the final consonant, by taking the suffix –en and by borrowing original of the words in foreign language. For example, men, women, foot>feet, tooth>teeth, mouse>mice, louse>lice, knife>knives, thief>thieves, brother>brethren, strength>strengthen, loose>loosen, etc. under borrowed foreign language forms, the Latin nouns ending in –um usually have their plurals ending in –a. Such as, curriculum>curricula. But in modern day English, most such words tend to their plurals in –s.
Nouns with Zero Plural forms. These nouns generally do not change their forms for plural. Some of these include, sheep, deer, Chinese, Swiss, Japanese, dozens, hundred, thousand, million etc. But occasionally these can occur in the regular plural form also.
3. Understanding possessive proper nouns – the possessive proper noun is expressed by an –s suffix on the noun. As case refers to the inflectional on the noun, the common noun has none of it while the possessive noun does. There are three forms of possessive proper nouns – the plural, the singular possessive and the plural possessive. The plural form represents the simplest of grammatical rule for denoting numbers more than one. For example, boys, horses, museums, housekeepers, mothers etc. the possessive case of singular count nouns is always expressed by using the suffix –‘s with its various allomorphs, i.e., there are no irregular cases as there are with the plural number. In simple terms, it denotes possession of noun in a singular sense. Such as, boy’s, mother’s, Arnold’s, Stallon’s etc. with plural count nouns, however, there is an irregular class of nouns with respect to the expression of case. Note the following possessive forms of plural count nouns: children>children’s, men>men’s, lice>lice’s, women>women’s etc.
4. Morphology of the Mass Noun – mass noun denotes things as uncountable. The objects denoted under it are treated as forming a mass. There are some nouns that may appear both as count and mass. When such a thing happens then the nouns occurring as count nouns share their morphology with other count nouns and they share it with other mass nouns on occurring as mass. For instance, when stone is referred to the material of which houses etc. are made, it is a mass noun. Examples of pure mass nouns are furniture, happiness, advice, people, electronic, machine etc.
Proper nouns inflect generally inflect for possessive case only while count noun inflect for both plural number and possessive case. Mass nouns inflect for neither number nor case. Since they denote objects as a collection and not as differentiated items. Also, the concept of ‘one’ vs ‘more than one’ does not apply to them. For purposes of agreement with the verb, they are treated as singular. If we regard the regular plural suffix –s then also it remain or mean in in a singular sense as they lack the suffix. The important point here is that the number contrast is irrelevant to mass nouns.
But this doesn’t means that things denoted by mass nouns cannot be counted at all. It is, therefore, said that mass nouns are treated as uncountable and not regarded as uncountable. Practically, there are two ways in which we may sometimes wish to count the things treated as uncountable: first, we might count different items as – of items, articles of furniture, words or pieces of advice, pieces or bits of information and so on. Secondly, when we wish to refer to different types or kinds of a mass noun we use the plural suffix as in – fruits, foods etc.
Similarly, mass nouns do not inflect for case, instead they occur in the –of construction format after the noun they modify. For example, we do not say ‘powers of love’ but we say ‘the love of power’. Likewise, we do not say ‘courage’s man’ but rather say ‘a man of courage’.
5. The inflectional paradigm of the English noun – The paradigm of English noun is, typically, the complete set of inflectional forms that a word has. It must be remembered that the inflectional forms vary only in writing and not in speech.
Q.1- Which is the lowest point on Earth?
A.1- Dead Sea
Q.2- Who was the first Indian to join Indian civil service?
A.2- Satyendranath Tagore
Q.3- Who was the first lady Governor of India?
A.3- Sarojini Naidu
Q.4- Which Bird is the symbol of happiness?
A.4-Bluebird
Q.5- Which is highest battlefield in the field?
A.5-Siachen Glacier
Q.6- Which is the hardest substance available on earth?
A.6- Platinum
Q.7- Agha Khan Cup is associated with which game?
A.7- Hockey
Q.8-Who appointed the Chief Election Commissioner of india?
A.8-Presidrent
Q.9-Which is the largest state in India in terms of area?
A.9- Rajasthan
Q.10-When did Vasco-da-Gama come in India?
A.10- 1498
Q.11- Which act Against Gandhiji started Satyagraha in 1919 to protest?
A.11- Rowlatt Act.
Q.12- ‘Mohini Attam’ dance developed from which state?
A.12-Kerala
Q.13- In which state is Jawahar Tunnel located?
A.13- Jammu and Kashmir
Q.14- Who wrote the song ‘Saare Jahan Se Achha’?
A.14- Mohammad Iqbal
Q.15- Which is oldest news agency in the world?
A.15-AFA(Agency France Press)
Q.16- Which planet is knows as Red Planet.
A.16- Mars
Q.17-Who is the Author of Punchtantra?
A.17-Vishnu Sharma
Q.18- Which is the coldest planet in solar system?
A.18- Neptune
Q.19- Who was fastest shorthand writer?
A.19- Dr. G.D. Bist
Q.20- Where is Headquarters of WHO?
A.20- Geneva
Q.1- Who is regarded as the father of ‘The Two nation Theory’?
A.1- M.A.Jinnah
Q.2- Who was the political guru of Gopal Krishna Gokhale?
A.2- M.G.Ranade
Q.3- In which year Gandhi ji visited Kerala for the first time?
A.3- 1920
Q.4- In which year Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed?
A.-1931
Q.5- Which place Akbar was born?
A.5-Amarkot
Q.6 –In which language were the Sangam classics written?
A.6-Tamil
Q.7- Who introduced the system of Local boards or Local Bodies in India?
A.7-Lord Ripon
Q.8- Who delivered his first sermon at Sarnath?
A.8- Buddha
Q.9- Who abolished the system of Dual Government in Bengal?
A.9-Warren Hastings
Q.10- Where from Aryans came in India?
A.10- Central Asia.
Q.11- What portion of actual produce was fixed as the State’s demand under the Zabti System?
A.11- One Third
Q.12- The place where Gandhti was imprisoned for the last time?
A.12- Agha khan palace
Q.13- The state that did not participate in the first war of Independence?
A.13- Tamilnadu.
Q.14- Who was Nana Saheb's commander-in-chief?
A.14- Tantia Tope
Q.15- Who did not participate in revolt of 1857?
A.15- Bhagat Singh
Q.16- What was the earliest tribal assembly?
A.16. Vidhata
Q.17- What was name the Governor-General when the 1857 Revolt broke out?s
A.17- Canning
Q.18- Which was the earliest public association to be formed in modern India?
A.18-The landholder’s Society
Q.19- Where did Gandhiji launched his first struggle ?
A.19- Champaran
Q.20- Who was the first to talk about Swaraj and Swadeshi?
A.20- Swami Dayanand Sarswati.
Q.1:- What was the type of marriage in Vedic period, in place of dowry, there was a token bride price of a cow and a bull?
A.1:- Asura
Q.2:-In which field of art extraordinary progress was made in the Gupta period?
A.2:- Painting
Q.3:- Which is oldest Veda?
A.3:-Rig Veda
Q.4:- Who had given the title of ‘Mahatma’ to Gandhi ?
A.4:- Rabindra Nath Tagore
Q.5:- Between whom the battle at Waihind in 1008-09 A.D was fought?
A.5:- Mahmud of Ghazni and Anandapala.
Q.6:- As a prince where was Ashoka sent to suppress the revolt?
A.6:-Taxila
Q.7:- Where did Aurangzeb die?
A.:- Ahmadnagar
Q.8:-Where is called Ashoka’s the Third Buddhist council?
A.:- Magadha
Q.9.:- Which was the earliest tribal assembly?
A.9:- Vidhata
Q.10:- When was Burma separated from India?
A.:-1937
Q.11:- What was the real name of Chanakya?
A.11:- Bishnu Gupta
Q.12:- Where did Rigvedic Aryans live in India?
A.12:-Sapta Sindhu Area
Q.13:- Which ruler went to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism?
A.13:-Sanghmitra
Q.14:- Who is the founder of Mahabalipuram?
A.14:-Narshima Varman
Q.15:- Who is the founder of the Capital city of Agra?
A.15:-Sikinder Lodi
Q.16:- Who was Francisco De Almeida?
A.16:- Portuguese Viceroy in India.
Q.17:- With which movements is the slogan "Do or die" associated?
A.:- Quit India Movement.
Q.18:- With whose permission did the English set up their first factory in Surat?
A.18:-Jahangir
Q.19:- In the 'individual Satyagraha', Vinoba Bhave was chosen as the first Satyagrahi. Who was the second?
A.19:- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Q.20:- Who edited ‘Basumati’, the oldest Bengali Daily paper ?
A.20:- Barinder Ghosh.
Q.1 In which year The Battle of Plassey did fight?
A.1:- The Battle of Plassey, 23 June 1757.
Q.2:-What is sacred book of Buddhists?
A 2:- Tripitakas is the holy book of Buddhists.
Q.3:- which year the system of competitive examination for civil service was accepted in principle?
A 3:- 1853
Q.4:- Who Two of the great Mughals wrote their own memories?
A.4:- Babar and Jahangir
Q.5:- Wich king belongs the Lion capitol at Sarnath?
A.5:-Ashoka
Q.6:-When The title of 'Viceroy' was added to the office of the Governor-General of India for the first time in country?
A.6:- 1858 AD
Q.7:- In which city Vasco d agama landed at 1498?
A.7:- Calicut
Q.8:- Who is the Jain saint credited with the spread of Jainism in Karnataka?
A.8:-Bhadrabahu
Q.9:- To whom built by bibi ka makbara?
A.9:-Aurangzeb
Q.10:- To whom designed by Indian flag?
A.10:-Madam cama
Q.11:-Who formed the Indian League in London?
A.11:-Shyamji Krishna Verma
Q.12:- Which was the capital of Shivaji?
A.12:-Raigarh
Q.13:-Which battle in Akbar defeated Hemu?
A.13:-2nd Battle of Panipat.
Q.14:- Who founded SERVENT OF INDIA SOCIETY?
A.14:- GK Gokhale.
Q.15:-Gautama Buddha was discourse of which language?
A.15:- Pali
Q.16:- Which republic belongs to Buddha?
A.16:-sakyas
Q17:- Which city ruled by Tipu Sultan?
A.17:-Mysore
Q.18:-Which first country establish regular trade with India?
A.18:-Portuguese
Q.19:-When Aryans came from central asia to india?
A.19:- 2500 B.C.
Q.20:- From which city Babar entered India for the first time?
A.20:- Punjab
